The cost approach is based on the economic principle that a buyer will pay no more for an asset than the cost of obtaining one of equal utility, whether by purchase or construction, unless undue time, inconvenience, risk or other factors are involved. It indicates value by calculating the current replacement or reproduction cost of an asset, then deducting physical deterioration and all other relevant forms of obsolescence.
It reflects the amount currently needed to replace the service capacity of an asset, often called its current replacement cost.
Common cost elements
- Direct costs: materials and labour
- Indirect costs: transport, installation, professional fees, overheads, taxes, finance costs and profit margins
Replacement cost method
Replacement cost is the amount needed to replace the entire property with one of like utility and function, based on current market prices for materials, labour and equipment, plus the contractor's overheads, profit and fees. It excludes overtime, bonuses and premiums on materials.
Fair value is estimated as replacement cost less accumulated depreciation caused by obsolescence. See our guide to the depreciated replacement cost method, with a worked example.
Reproduction cost method
Reproduction cost is the amount needed to reproduce an exact replica of the entire property. Where replacement cost considers like utility and function, reproduction cost considers like kind and materials. It is appropriate when:
- A modern equivalent asset would cost more than recreating a replica of the subject asset.
- The utility of the subject asset could only be provided by a replica, not a modern equivalent.
Fair value is estimated as reproduction cost less accumulated depreciation caused by all forms of obsolescence.